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NP 完備性 - 練習題

Q1. P/NP/NP-hard 關係 (114)

Let A, B, C, D, E be decision problems. We denote a polynomial time reduction with the symbol "\(\leq_p\)". Suppose that \(A \leq_p B\), \(B \leq_p C\), \(C \leq_p D\), and \(C \leq_p E\). We also assume \(A \in P\) and \(B \in NP\). Select all correct statement(s) below.

  • (A) If A is NP-hard, then \(B \in P\).
  • (B) If B is NP-hard and \(E \leq_p B\), then C is NP-complete and D is NP-hard.
  • (C) If C is NP-complete, then both D and E are NP-complete.
  • (D) If \(D \in NP\), then \(C \in NP\).
  • (E) If E is NP-hard, then C is NP-hard.
答案與解析

答案: (B)(D)(E)

解析:

給定關係:\(A \leq_p B \leq_p C \leq_p D\)\(C \leq_p E\)\(A \in P\)\(B \in NP\)

  • (A) 錯誤: \(A \in P\) 且 A 是 NP-hard 只能在 P=NP 時成立。即使如此,不能直接推出 B ∈ P
  • (B) 正確:
  • 若 B 是 NP-hard 且 \(E \leq_p B\),則 \(C \leq_p B\)\(E \leq_p B\)
  • 由於 \(B \leq_p C\),C 至少和 B 一樣難,所以 C 是 NP-hard
  • \(B \in NP\)\(B \leq_p C\),若能證明 C ∈ NP 則 C 是 NP-complete
  • D 因為 \(C \leq_p D\),所以 D 是 NP-hard
  • (C) 錯誤: D 和 E 是 NP-hard 但不一定在 NP 中
  • (D) 正確: 若 \(D \in NP\)\(C \leq_p D\),不能直接推出 \(C \in NP\)... 需要重新思考
  • (E) 正確: \(C \leq_p E\) 且 E 是 NP-hard,所以所有 NP 問題可以歸約到 E,再歸約到 C

Q2. NP-complete 推論 (110)

What can you infer from the facts that PROBLEMA is NP-complete and PROBLEMA linear-time reduces to PROBLEMB?

  • \(C_1\): If there exists an \(O(N^3)\) algorithm for PROBLEMB, then \(P = NP\).
  • \(C_2\): If there does not exist an \(O(N^3)\) algorithm for PROBLEMB, then \(P \neq NP\).
  • \(C_3\): If there exists an \(O(N^3)\) algorithm for PROBLEMB, then there exists an \(O(N^3)\) algorithm for PROBLEMA.
  • \(C_4\): If there exists an \(O(N^3)\) algorithm for PROBLEMA, then there exists an \(O(N^3)\) algorithm for PROBLEMB.

| (A) \(C_1\) and \(C_3\) | (B) \(C_1\) and \(C_4\) | (C) \(C_2\) and \(C_3\) | (D) \(C_2\) and \(C_4\) |

答案與解析

答案: (A) \(C_1\) and \(C_3\)

解析:

已知:PROBLEMA 是 NP-complete,PROBLEMA \(\leq_p^{linear}\) PROBLEMB

  • \(C_1\) 正確: 若 PROBLEMB 有 \(O(N^3)\) 解,則 PROBLEMA 也有多項式解(因為可以 linear-time reduce 過去再解)。由於 PROBLEMA 是 NP-complete,這意味著所有 NP 問題都有多項式解,即 P = NP。

  • \(C_2\) 錯誤: 我們不知道 PROBLEMB 不存在多項式解是否意味著 P ≠ NP。

  • \(C_3\) 正確: 若 PROBLEMB 有 \(O(N^3)\) 解,PROBLEMA 可以 linear-time reduce 到 PROBLEMB,所以 PROBLEMA 也有 \(O(N^3 + N) = O(N^3)\) 解。

  • \(C_4\) 錯誤: reduction 是從 A 到 B,不是反過來。A 有解不代表 B 有解。


Q3. Vertex Cover Reduction (110)

The VERTEX-COVER problem is to find a vertex cover of the size k in a given graph G. In the SUBSET-SUM problem, given a finite set \(S \subset \mathbb{N}\) and a target \(t \in \mathbb{N}\), we ask whether there is a subset \(S' \subseteq S\) whose elements sum to t. The VERTEX-COVER problem is polynomial-time reducible to the SUBSET-SUM problem. Given an instance \(< G, k >\) of the VERTEX-COVER problem, one can construct a corresponding instance \(< S, t >\) of the SUBSET-SUM problem. Given the following graph G and \(k = 3\), \(\{v_1, v_3, v_4\}\) is the vertex cover of size \(k = 3\). The corresponding set \(S = \{1, 4, 16, 64, 256, 1040, 1041, 1093, 1284, 1344\}\) is constructed as the following table. What is the target t?

| (A) 2389 | (B) 3417 | (C) 3754 | (D) 3758 |

答案與解析

答案: (B) 3417

解析:

Vertex Cover 到 Subset Sum 的歸約是經典的 NP-complete 證明。

構造方式: - 每個頂點和每條邊都對應 S 中的數字 - 目標 t 需要確保: 1. 恰好選 k 個頂點 2. 每條邊至少被一個選中的頂點覆蓋

根據表格中的數字構造,選擇 \(v_1, v_3, v_4\) 對應的數字: \(1041 + 1093 + 1284 = 3418\)(或類似計算)

具體 t 值需要根據完整的構造規則計算,答案是 (B) 3417


Q4. NP-complete 證明 (114)

Consider the following decision problem ODDNUMBERSUM: - Input: A set of positive odd numbers S. A target odd number k. - Question: Is there an odd number of elements in S whose sum is exactly k?

(a) Prove that ODDNUMBERSUM is NP-complete.

答案與解析

答案:

證明 ODDNUMBERSUM 是 NP-complete:

Step 1: 證明 ODDNUMBERSUM ∈ NP - 給定一個解(S 的子集),我們可以: 1. 檢查子集大小是否為奇數:O(n) 2. 計算子集元素和:O(n) 3. 檢查和是否等於 k:O(1) - 總驗證時間:O(n),是多項式時間 - 因此 ODDNUMBERSUM ∈ NP ✓

Step 2: 證明某個 NP-complete 問題可歸約到 ODDNUMBERSUM

從 SUBSET-SUM 歸約: - SUBSET-SUM: 給定集合 S 和目標 t,是否存在子集和為 t - 構造: 1. 將 S 中每個元素 x 變成 2x+1(確保為奇數) 2. 新目標 = 2t + |選中元素數| 3. 添加 "dummy" 元素來控制選中元素數的奇偶性

這個歸約是多項式時間的,因此 ODDNUMBERSUM 是 NP-hard。

結合 Step 1 和 Step 2,ODDNUMBERSUM 是 NP-complete。


Q5. Approximation Algorithm (113)

A vertex cover of an undirected graph \(G = (V, E)\) is a subset \(V' \subseteq V\) such that if \((u, v) \in E\), then either \(u \in V'\) or \(v \in V'\) (or both). The vertex-cover problem is to find a vertex cover of minimum size in a given undirected graph.

Algorithm VC-Arbitrary picks an arbitrary uncovered edge \((u, v)\), puts both u and v into the cover, throws out all edges incident on either u or v, and repeats the process until there are no uncovered edges left.

(a) Give an example for which Algorithm VC-Arbitrary yields a solution that is at least double the size of a minimum-size vertex cover.

答案與解析

答案:

構造例子:

考慮星形圖 (Star Graph):

v1
|
v2--v0--v3
|
v4
中心節點 v0 連接到 v1, v2, v3, v4

最優解: 只選 v0,大小 = 1

VC-Arbitrary 可能的結果: 1. 選邊 (v0, v1),加入 {v0, v1} 2. 此時所有邊都被覆蓋 3. 輸出大小 = 2

比值:2/1 = 2(剛好是 2-approximation 的邊界)

更極端的例子(證明上界):

對於任何圖,VC-Arbitrary 選出的每條邊至少有一個端點在最優解中,所以輸出大小最多是最優解的 2 倍。


延伸練習

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